The four types of anesthesia are general, regional, local, and sedation. Regional anesthesia includes spinal, epidural, peripheral nerve block, and IV regional. Sedation can be considered to be a combination of General and regional.

The preoperative assessment allows us to figure out what the patient’s medical and surgical issues are, allow for the scheduling of further inquiries, consultations, and treatments for patients who have not yet reached their full potential, and prepare for and consent to anesthetic procedures.

Muscle relaxants produce many desired effects such as making intubation easier, helping with mechanical ventilation, prevents muscle stretching, and reflex which can decrease muscle tone and paralyzes the skeletal muscles but does not affect muscles such as the smooth ones of the heart.

Morphine is an opioid that can be used for acute to severe pain. signs of toxicity or side effects will present as nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, sedation, pruritus, confusion, and dependence.

Mild to moderate (5-7 mmol/L) hyperkalemia is presented with tall peaked T waves. Severe (> 7mmol/L) P waves will disappear, QRS may show a bizarre pattern or disappear.

General measures are always taken like lifestyle modifications and treating risk factors, ASA as first-line therapy or clopidogrel when ASA is contraindicated. Calcium channel blockers are used as second-line treatment.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors inhibit the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 and cause vasodilation. they also normally end in the suffix ‘pril’. They are also known for causing a dry cough as a side effect.

Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that block adrenergic receptors, reduces heart rate, blood pressure, contractility, and myocardial oxygen demand while slowing AV node conduction. They also typically end with the suffix “lol”.

Atorvastatin is a lipid-lowering agent from the statin drug class which helps lower cholesterol by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase that facilitates the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis.

Warfarin is an anticoagulant that antagonizes vitamin A which causes the decreased synthesis of the clotting factor 2, 7, 9, and 10. If given to a person who is actively bleeding, it prevents clotting and the person may bleed out.